INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS EXOGENOUS HARMFUL FACTORS ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The male reproductive system is highly sensitive to a wide range of exogenous harmful factors, including environmental toxins, radiation, heat, lifestyle-related exposures, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. These factors can significantly impair spermatogenesis, alter hormonal balance, induce oxidative stress, and damage reproductive organs, ultimately contributing to male infertility and reproductive dysfunction. In recent years, rising global concerns regarding declining male fertility rates have prompted extensive research into the impact of these external stressors. This review article synthesizes findings from the last decade, focusing on experimental and clinical studies that investigate the mechanisms by which various exogenous agents disrupt male reproductive health. Particular attention is given to the roles of endocrine disruption, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications. A better understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving male reproductive function in the face of increasing environmental and occupational hazards.