Design of predation experiments.

R-R = reef-to-reef, R-S = reef-to-sand. MG = Mytilus galloprovincialis, XP = Xenostrobus pulex. SL = Shore level.
(At the South Island Banks Peninsula sites we used only tiles exposed to all predators (no-cage treatments) because we showed in a previous study that survival was always high for months inside full cages in this region at all seascape types (Rilov and Schiel 2006b). At Kaikoura we used no-cage, a partial-cage (3 cm gap at the bottom; excludes fish but not large invertebrate predators such as crabs, sea stars or whelks) and a full-cage (excludes all large predators) in both the low and mid shore levels. At the North Island Mt Maunganui sites we used the no-cage treatment and a full-cage control. Cage size was 10×10×10 cm, mesh gauge was 16×16 mm (for full details on cage design see Rilov & Schiel 2006a,b)).