Pine Tree Lappet Moth Core Breeding Area

The pine tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini) has a very wide range in Europe and Russia. In some countries it is known to be an extremely serious periodic pest on (mainly) pine over very extensive areas. Its caterpillars eat pine needles and can cause heavy and sometimes total defoliation, either weakening trees and leaving them vulnerable to secondary attacks by other pests/diseases or, in severe cases, killing the host trees. The primary host of this moth is Scots pine but it can feed on other pine species and in outbreak conditions it will also feed on other conifers. Within the UK, this moth is only known to occur in the Inverness/Beauly catchment area, where a male moth was first detected in 2004 (and a breeding population subsequently confirmed in 2009). Although male moths can fly significant distances (kilometres), female moths are far less mobile due to their egg loads. Longer distance spread can occur through the movement of cocoons and larvae on wood and foliage. A containment programme was launched in 2009 to minimise the risk of further spread. Statutory controls on the movement of timber and branchwood from the breeding area have been in place since 2010. An annual programme of population monitoring has shown that the population density remains very low and the moth remains confined to a relatively small area in the Beauly catchment. Conifer timber movement restrictions apply to the pine tree lappet moth Core Breeding Area between 18 May and 31 August (unless an owner can demonstrate through validated surveys that a breeding population of the pine tree lappet moth is not present). There are no restrictions on timber harvesting or extraction to roadside within this period. From 1 April 2021, the timber movement restrictions will continue to apply to all pine species but, in recognition of the continuing low densities of pine tree lappet caterpillars since 2008, restrictions on the movement of non-pine conifers will be reduced to only those growing in mixture (intimate or group) within pine coupes. No timber movement restrictions will apply outside the Core Breeding Area, but this will be kept under annual review based on results from wider area surveillance. A timber movement permission from Scottish Forestry is required in order to remove conifer timber from the Core Breeding Area at any time throughout the year. For more detailed information please see the metadata record on Scotland's SpatialData.gov.scot metadata portal.松枯叶蛾（Dendrolimus pini）在欧洲与俄罗斯分布范围极广。在部分国家，该虫是主要为害松属植物的重度周期性害虫，可在大面积针叶林内爆发成灾。其幼虫取食松针，会造成严重乃至完全的落叶：轻则削弱林木长势，使其易遭受其他病虫的二次侵害；重则在重度发生时导致寄主树木死亡。该蛾类的主要寄主为欧洲赤松（Scots pine），但也可取食其他松属物种，在爆发条件下还会取食其他针叶树。在英国境内，该蛾类仅见于因弗内斯/比尤利集水区：2004年当地首次监测到雄蛾，2009年证实此处存在繁殖种群。尽管雄蛾可飞行数公里的较长距离，但雌蛾因携带卵块，活动能力远弱于雄蛾。该虫的长距离传播可通过携带有茧与幼虫的木材及枝叶移动实现。2009年，当地启动了防控项目以降低其进一步扩散的风险；2010年起，对来自该繁殖区的木材及枝材实施法定移动管制。年度种群监测计划显示，当地种群密度始终极低，该蛾类仍被限制在比尤利集水区内相对狭小的区域。针叶材移动管制适用于松枯叶蛾核心繁殖区，管制时段为每年5月18日至8月31日（除非林木所有者通过经验证的调查证明该核心繁殖区内不存在松枯叶蛾繁殖种群）。该时段内，在路边进行的林木采伐或提取不受限制。自2021年4月1日起，木材移动管制将继续适用于所有松属物种；同时鉴于2008年以来松枯叶蛾幼虫密度持续偏低，非松属针叶树的移动限制将仅适用于以纯混交或群团混交方式生长于松属采伐小班内的非松针叶树。核心繁殖区以外无需遵守木材移动管制，但该区域的管制政策将根据全域监测结果每年进行评估调整。任何时候若要从核心繁殖区移出针叶材，均需获得苏格兰林业部门签发的木材移动许可。如需获取更详细的信息，请参阅苏格兰SpatialData.gov.scot元数据门户中的元数据记录。