GERD AND MANAGEMENT MODALITIES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder resulting from the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus, leading to a spectrum of complications that adversely affect quality of life, increase morbidity, and impose substantial healthcare costs. The primary therapeutic objectives in GERD management are the alleviation of symptoms, prevention of recurrence, and promotion of mucosal healing in erosive esophagitis. First-line therapy typically consists of lifestyle modifications aimed at reducing gastric acid exposure, in conjunction with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to suppress acid secretion. For patients with persistent or refractory symptoms, despite optimized medical therapy, endoscopic techniques or surgical interventions such as anti-reflux procedures may provide symptomatic relief and improved disease control. This review will address the underlying pathophysiology of GERD, advances in diagnostic modalities, and contemporary therapeutic strategies, including surgical options for the management of refractory disease.