Mixed-effect models of sustainability outcomes.

(A) proportion of calf slaughter (B) slaughter weights of calves, and (C) livelihood income. The response variables were modeled with respect to (fixed factors): herd size, seasonal siida stability, pasture size (summer and winter size) and the inequality in herd size (summer and winter Gini). Summer pasture nested within winter pasture were modeled as random factors. To allow comparisons of effect sizes, all variables were standardized to mean equal to zero and standard deviation equal to one prior to the analyses.−/Fixed effects removed by model simplification based on AIC.