The Identification of Halal Trade Factors and Food Commodities with Market Potential in the Key Halal Countries

According to the gravity theory, distance limits trade as a more significant gap between countries increases transportation costs, making foreign goods less affordable. Past research examining Malaysia's trade with Islamic countries has also documented a positive distance effect on trade. Unlike the cost-saving behaviour of economic agents, as proposed by gravity's distance effect, alternate trade factors are seemingly at play in trade with Islamic countries. In utilising qualitative and quantitative methods, this thesis identifies the relevance of importer's Muslim population, halal certification, pricing, halal in different commodities, halal awareness, and varying halal standards as factors pertinent to halal food trade.