Hexaconazole enantiomers facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in the soil-earthworm system

Chiral fungicides constitute a substantial proportion of commonly used pesticides; however, the proliferation and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in agricultural environments under repeated exposure to different enantiomers are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution and potential risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) following exposure to hexaconazole (HEX) enantiomers in the soil-earthworm ecosystem.