Summary of impacts of canopy loss and disturbance on ecosystem structure after 18 months.

C = Canopy, D = Disturbance, CD = Canopy x Disturbance interaction. For community analyses (PERMANOVA), a ‘+’ symbol indicates any significant difference in community structure. For univariate analyses (all others), a ‘+’ symbol indicates a significant positive effect of applying the treatment (e.g. removal of canopy increases taxon richness), ‘−’ symbol indicates a significant negative effect of applying the treatment (e.g. disturbance reduces taxon richness). For CD, a ‘−’ symbol indicates that loss of canopy reduced stability (i.e. increased impact of disturbance) and a ‘+’ symbol indicates that loss of canopy increased stability (i.e. reduced impact of disturbance). In each case, no symbol indicates no significant effects and ‘na’ indicates data unavailable. ‘Sessile’ refers to sessile invertebrates, ‘%’ refers to percentage cover, ‘Mobile’ refers to mobile invertebrates, ‘No.’ refers to number per quadrat. At Roscoff only presence-absence and biomass data were recorded, so only richness and evenness were analysed.