Development of a bismuth-based Z-scheme photocatalytic system for the degradation of antibiotic in wastewater effluents

This thesis tackles the severe environmental threat of ciprofloxacin in the water systems. Current photocatalysts clump together, sink, and require extensive electricity for mehchanical agitation. To solve this, this research develops a novel, self-floating material using modified bismuth compounds and lightweight graphite. Acting as a highly efficient photocatalyst, this advanced composite naturally floats at the water's surface to efficiently absorb sunlight and destroy ciprofloxacin. By eliminating the need for mechanical stirring, this work provides a sustainable, zero-energy technology for large-scale wastewater treatment.