Supplementary Material for: Procoagulant Activity of Blood and Microvesicles Is Disturbed by Pneumococcal Pneumolysin, Which Interacts with Coagulation Factors

The coagulation and contact systems are parts of the innate immune system as they prevent bleeding and dissemination of pathogens and also contribute to microbial killing by inflammatory reactions and the release of antimicrobial peptides. Here, we investigated the influence of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> on the coagulation and contact system. <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (pneumococci), but no other investigated streptococcal species, impairs coagulation of blood by autolysis and release of pneumolysin. Defective blood coagulation results from the lysis of tissue factor-producing mononuclear cells and their procoagulant microvesicles, which are the main trigger for blood coagulation during sepsis. In addition, pneumolysin binds coagulation and contact system factors, but this does not result in activation. Thus, pneumococci modulate activation of the coagulation system by releasing pneumolysin, which could potentiate lung injury during pneumonia.