Table 1 in Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research

Table 1. Phenotypic, karyotypic and genetic characters included in the diagnoses of the ten nominal species of Eupsophus currently recognized (Suárez-Villota et al. 2018b; Fig. 1). This is a modified version of the table of Correa et al. (2017) with two main changes: the two species of the vertebralis group were added, and the diagnoses of E. queulensis and E. septentrionalis were combined. Species are ordered by species group and then by their phylogenetic affinities according to the hypothesis of Suárez-Villota et al. (2018b). Empty cells indicate that character was not included in the respective diagnosis. The V in parentheses indicates that the character was described as variable in the type series. Character states are described such as they appear in the original sources. Diagnoses of E. roseus, E. calcaratus and E. insularis include characters of their original descriptions and/or later redescriptions (see the text).
characterE. calcaratusE. roseusE. contulmoensisE. nahuelbutensisE. septentrionalis † (including E. queulensis)E. insularisE. migueliE. altorE. vertebralis ‡E. emiliopugini §Body colorationbody with brown tones on a pink background; transparent or whitish ventral areadark purple dorsal pigmentation and bright yellow belly (V)white belly with dark brown marmorino (V)dark brown to blackish on a light gray to leaden background (V); E. queulensis: two melanic dots on dorsal region and reddish ventral surfaces (V)dark brown with irregular yellow spots on the dorsum and legs (V)dark venter and white brilliant irregular spots (V)usually with a vertebral band which may be as broad as the distance between the nares (V)a distinctive olive-green band between the eyesColor of upper part of irisbronze-yelloworangebronze-yellowlight yellow; E. queulensis: yellowbronze-yellowShape of snoutpointed in dorsal and lateral view, noticeably protruding over the lower jaw|sloping in lateral view (V)E. queulensis: truncate in lateral viewbroadly roundedXiphisternumample in its middle portion and rounded at its extremeE. queulensis: without a notchtruncated and slightly notchednotchedCanthus rostralisthin and shortample and extendedCloacal foldmarkedRelative position of epicoracoidsright over leftE. queulensis: left epicoracoid superimposed to the right oneCarpal tuberclesinner palmar tubercle prominentE. queulensis: prominent external and internal tuberclessubarticular tubercles prominentTips of toesrounded and prominentOther osteological characters ¶prevomers in narrow contactvomerine teeth arranged in a transverse rowskull morphology#prevomerine teeth below the choanaevomerine teeth in two, only slightly curved groupsKaryotypeeight pairs of biarmed chromosomesE. queulensis: heteromorphic sexual chromosomes, and secondary constriction at the fourth pair16 acrocentric chromosomesAllozymesallozyme pattern# (V)Reproductive traitsearly winter breeding season and terrestrial tadpolesAdvertisement callspectral elements reaching 20 kHzmating call with two notesGenetic divergencenine nucleotide site substitutions in the mitochondrial control region from E. migueli #