Gas Sources from the Coma and Nucleus of Comet 46P/Wirtanen Observed Using ALMA

Gas-phase molecules in cometary atmospheres (comae) originate primarily from (1) outgassing by the nucleus, (2) sublimation of icy grains in the near-nucleus coma, and (3) coma (photo-)chemical processes. However, the majority of cometary gases observed at radio wavelengths have yet to be mapped, so their production/release mechanisms remain uncertain. Here we present observations of six molecular species towards comet 46P/Wirtanen, obtained using the Atacama Large Millime- ter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the comet’s unusually close (∼ 0.1 au) approach to Earth in December 2018. Interferometric maps of HCN, CH3OH, CH3CN, H2CO, CS and HNC were obtained at an unprecedented sky-projected spatial resolution of up to 25 km, enabling the nucleus and coma sources of these molecules to be accurately quantified. The HCN, CH3OH and CH3CN spatial distri- butions are consistent with the production from direct outgassing from (or very near to) the nucleus, with a significant proportion (∼ 50 %) of the observed CH3OH originating from sublimation of icy grains in the near-nucleus coma. On the other hand, H2CO, CS and HNC originate primarily from distributed coma sources. The HCN, CH3OH and HNC abundances in 46P are consistent with the average values previously observed in comets, whereas the H2CO, CH3CN and CS abundances are relatively low.