Impact of tuberculosis disease on human gut microbiota: a systematic review

This systematic review evaluates the gut microbiota (GM) status in tuberculosis (TB) patients compared to healthy volunteers due to the disease or its treatment. We conducted a systematic review of all articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase that assessed the impact of TB disease and anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) on GM from inception till January 2022 (Protocol registration number in PROSPERO: CRD42021261884). Regarding the microbial diversity indices and taxonomy, we found a significant difference in GM status between the TB and healthy control (HC) groups. We found an overabundance of Phylum <i>Proteobacteria</i> and depletion of some short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria genera like <i>Bifidobacteria, Roseburia</i>, and <i>Ruminococcus</i> in the TB group. We found that ATT exacerbates the degree of dysbiosis caused by <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> disease. The modulation of GM in TB patients in clinical practice may serve as a promising target to reverse the dysbiosis caused. Moreover, this can optimistically change the TB treatment outcome. We expect that appropriate probiotic supplementation with antimycobacterial treatment during tuberculosis disease will help stabilize the GM throughout the treatment phase and protect the GM from dysbiosis.