Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 modulates immune responses to Influenza A virus infection in mice

We hypothesized that treatment of mice with Bl-04 prior to and post Influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus infection could modulate the microbiota and the innate immune system of the mice to reduce viral load and associated symptoms. We applied transcriptomics to assess the host immune response and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the effects on the microbiota.