Supplementary Tables

Soil bacteria play a fundamental role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions, yet their genetic and metabolic adaptations to complex environments remain underexplored. To address this question, we analyzed the genomes of four soil bacteria isolated from tropical savanna soil, uncovering key insights into their metabolic potential and ecological roles. Our findings indicate that these bacteria represent novel species, including new strains of Bosea, Nocardioides, Cupriavidus, and Enterobacter roggenkampii. Their genomes encode essential genes and pathways related to central metabolism, particularly those involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism, highlighting their adaptive strategies for survival in soil environments. These strains also play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, including carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling, as well as plant growth promotion. Furthermore, we identified 164 defense genes across 32 defense families, along with at least one antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene in each strain. Additionally, twelve biosynthetic gene clusters were identified in three strains. The diverse genetic arsenal of these bacteria, including defense mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance genes, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, may enhance their ability to survive and compete in the complex and dynamic soil environment.