An Overlooked Form of School Violence: Prevalence and Correlates of Student-to-Teacher Violence Among Secondary School Students

Among the participants, 25.7% reported verbal violence toward teachers, 12.9% reported psychological violence, and 1.3% reported physical violence in the past year. Significant differences in the prevalence of student-to-teacher violence were observed across demographic characteristics, including gender, school type, school level, place of residence, and parental marital status. Poor teacher–student relationships and lower levels of learning engagement were consistently associated with higher risks of physical, verbal, and psychological violence toward teachers. Higher aggressive tendency was significantly associated with verbal and psychological violence.