Distal Cleavage of 3-Chlorocatechol by an Extradiol Dioxygenase to 3-Chloro-2-Hydroxymuconic Semialdehyde

A 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase from the naphthalenesulfonate-degrading bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 oxidized 3-chlorocatechol to a yellow product with a strongly pH-dependent absorption maximum at 378 nm. A titration curve suggested (de)protonation of an ionizable group with a pK(a) of 4.4. The product was isolated, purified, and converted, by treatment with diazomethane, to a dimethyl derivative and, by incubation with ammonium chloride, to a picolinic acid derivative. Mass spectra and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for these two derivatives prove a 3-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde structure for the metabolite, resulting from distal (1,6) cleavage of 3-chlorocatechol. 3-Methylcatechol and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl are oxidized by this enzyme, in contrast, via proximal (2,3) cleavage.