轮廓法测量残余应力综述
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轮廓法是一种基于截面解剖法的残余应力测量方法，可以获得目标平面法向的残余应力二维分布云图。经过二十多年的发展与完善，轮廓法已经被广泛应用在航空天、核电、高端装备制造等 许多重要领域，尤其适用于焊接件、金属连接件和异型工件的残余应力测量。本文将详细介绍轮廓法的测量优势，分析轮廓法测量的理论依据、测量步骤、误差修正、拓展应用、实验证及研究热点，深入探究在一次切割轮廓法测量基础上发展起来的多次切割轮廓法、断裂轮廓法、和X射线衍法的叠加测量、近表面残余应轮廓法测量等方法 ，这些方法克服了常规轮廓法断面应力、近表面应力测量方面的技术限制，可获得工程结构件的三维残余应力分布，为针对不同的工程应用需求调整切割方法及测量方案提供技术支持，拓展了轮廓法测量的应用范围。本文旨在为国内的同行提供参考，助力轮廓法在国内科学研究和工程应用方面的推广应用 。
The contour method is a residual stress measurement method based on section dissection, which can obtain the 2D distribution cloud map of residual stress in the normal direction of the target plane. After more than 20 years of development and improvement, the contour method has been widely used in many important fields such as aerospace, nuclear power, and high-end equipment manufacturing, and is particularly suitable for residual stress measurement of welded components, metal connectors and special-shaped workpieces. This paper will introduce in detail the measurement advantages of the contour method, analyze its theoretical basis, measurement procedures, error correction, expanded applications, experimental validation and research hotspots, and deeply explore methods developed based on the single-cut contour method measurement, including multi-cut contour method, fracture contour method, combined measurement with X-ray diffraction method, and near-surface residual stress contour method measurement. These methods overcome the technical limitations of the conventional contour method in cross-section stress and near-surface stress measurement, can obtain the 3D residual stress distribution of engineering structural components, provide technical support for adjusting cutting methods and measurement schemes according to different engineering application requirements, and expand the application scope of contour method measurement. This paper aims to provide references for domestic peers, and promote the popularization and application of the contour method in domestic scientific research and engineering applications.
