Isolation, Molecular Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Extracellular Vesicles From Spirulina Microalgae

SPEVs (Spirulina EV) were isolated through a combination of techniques involving ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed the presenc of pleomorphic outer-membrane-vesicles (OMVs) and outer-inner-membrane-vesicles (OIMVs) displaying diverse shapes, sizes, and corona densities. High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed on SPEVs utilising both gel-based and in-solution techniques for sample processing. We identified a total of 54 proteins derived from SPEVs, with a few of the proteins with the highest “unused protein algorithmic score” t belonging to the bacterial porin superfamily.