Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) three-dimensional regional climate model (RCM), version 3.2, over Greenland, 1948-2016

We provide outputs of the Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) regional climate model (RCM) over Greenland including ice/snow surface properties, energy and mass fluxes at the surface, and atmospheric data. Data are provided in netCDF format. Descriptions of variables, including units and information about layered variables are provided within the netCDF files. The MAR, is a coupled land-atmosphere regional climate model featuring an atmospheric model described by Gallée and Shayes (1997), and the Soil Ice Snow Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer scheme surface model. The model setup used here is similar to that of Fettweis (2007), with modifications to the albedo scheme as noted by Fettweis et al. (2011). MAR has been run over Greenland and surrounding areas at a 25 km spatial resolution, forced at the lateral boundaries and ocean surface with data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). MAR assigns surface elevation and an ice sheet mask based on the data of Bamber et al. (2013). MAR outputs provided here are from version 3.2 of the model. MAR has been validated against satellite and in situ data (e.g. Lefebre et al. 2005, Fettweis et al. 2011) and has been used in multiple studies to simulate ice-sheet and atmospheric parameters, such as surface mass balance, surface melt, and atmospheric circulation near Greenland (e.g. Fettweis et al., 2011, Tedesco et al., 2013, Franco et al., 2013). References: Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J.A., Hurkmans, R.T.W.L., Dowdeswell, J.A., Gogineni, S.P., Howat, I., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Palmer, S., Rignot, E., Steinhage, D.: A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland, The Cryosphere, 7, 499-510, 2013. Fettweis, X.: Reconstruction of the 1979-2006 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 1, 21-40, 2007. Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J.: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958-2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models, The Cryosphere, 5, 359-375, 2011. Franco, B., Fettweis, X., Lang, C., and Erpicum, M.: Impact of spatial resolution on the modelling of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance between 1990-2012, using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 6, 695-711, 2012. Gallée, H., and Schayes, G.: Development of a three-dimensional meso-γ primitive equation model: katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 671-685, 1994. Lefebre, F., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J.-P., Marbaix, P., Greuell, W., and Calanca, P.: Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate model simulation over Greenland, Climate Dynamics, 25, 99-116, doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8, 2005. Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., Mote, T., Wahr, J., Alexander, P., Box, J., Wouters, B.: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data, The Cryosphere, 7, 615-630, 2013.

本数据集提供了区域大气模式（Modèle Atmosphérique Régional, MAR）这一区域气候模式（Regional Climate Model, RCM）在格陵兰地区的模拟输出结果，涵盖冰/雪表面特性、地表能量通量与质量通量，以及大气相关数据。所有数据以netCDF格式存储。变量说明（含单位信息与分层变量相关说明）均内嵌于netCDF文件中。
MAR是耦合了陆面-大气过程的区域气候模式，其大气模块由Gallée与Shayes（1997）提出，陆面模块采用了土壤-冰雪-植被-大气传输（Soil Ice Snow Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer）方案。本次研究采用的模式配置与Fettweis（2007）的设置相近，并参考Fettweis等（2011）的研究对反照率方案进行了改进。
本次模拟以25 km的空间分辨率覆盖格陵兰及其周边区域，侧边界与海表强迫场采用了欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF）的再分析数据。MAR的地表高程与冰盖掩膜数据基于Bamber等（2013）的数据集生成。本数据集提供的MAR模拟输出结果均来自模式版本3.2。
MAR已通过卫星与原位观测数据进行了验证（如Lefebre等，2005；Fettweis等，2011），并被多项研究用于模拟冰盖与大气相关参数，包括地表质量平衡、表面融雪以及格陵兰周边大气环流等（如Fettweis等，2011；Tedesco等，2013；Franco等，2013）。

参考文献：
1. Bamber, J. L.、Griggs, J.A.、Hurkmans, R.T.W.L.、Dowdeswell, J.A.、Gogineni, S.P.、Howat, I.、Mouginot, J.、Paden, J.、Palmer, S.、Rignot, E.、Steinhage, D.：《格陵兰全新床面高程数据集》，《冰冻圈》，7卷，499-510页，2013年。
2. Fettweis, X.：《利用区域气候模式MAR重建1979-2006年格陵兰冰盖地表质量平衡》，《冰冻圈》，1卷，21-40页，2007年。
3. Fettweis, X.、Tedesco, M.、van den Broeke, M.、Ettema, J.：《基于星载微波数据与区域气候模式的格陵兰冰盖融水趋势（1958-2009）》，《冰冻圈》，5卷，359-375页，2011年。
4. Franco, B.、Fettweis, X.、Lang, C.、Erpicum, M.：《利用区域气候模式MAR探究空间分辨率对1990-2012年格陵兰冰盖地表质量平衡模拟的影响》，《冰冻圈》，6卷，695-711页，2012年。
5. Gallée, H.、Schayes, G.：《三维中γ尺度原始方程模式的开发：南极特拉诺瓦湾地区的下降风模拟》，《气象评论月刊》（Mon. Wea. Rev.），122卷，671-685页，1994年。
6. Lefebre, F.、Fettweis, X.、Gallée, H.、van Ypersele, J.-P.、Marbaix, P.、Greuell, W.、Calanca, P.：《格陵兰地区高分辨率区域气候模式模拟结果评估》，《气候动力学》，25卷，99-116页，DOI:10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8，2005年。
7. Tedesco, M.、Fettweis, X.、Mote, T.、Wahr, J.、Alexander, P.、Box, J.、Wouters, B.：《基于星载观测、区域气候模式与再分析数据的2012年格陵兰气候记录证据与分析》，《冰冻圈》，7卷，615-630页，2013年。