Tests of effects based on linear mixed models of F3 life span for patrilines and matrilines.

Significant effects are highlighted in bold. Negative effects of F1 and F2 age indicate that old grandparents and parents produced F3 individuals with reduced lifespans, negative effects of larval diet indicate that low-nutrient larval diet has a negative effect on F3 life span, and negative effects of sex indicate that the life span of male descendants was lower than that of females. Effect sizes represent marginal R2. Conditional whole-model R2 values were 47.72% for the patriline model and 54.78% for the matriline model.