DIABETES MELLITUS WITH HEART FAILURE: BIOMARKERS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND PROGNOSIS

As diabetes is becoming more commonplace globally, it is reasonable to anticipate a rise in the number of premature deaths linked to the disease and its consequences. It was estimated that diabetes directly contributed to five million fatalities in both developed and developing nations in 2017. In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, and heart failure (HF) were the most prevalent cardiovascular (CV) manifestations. In this regard, biomarkers representing different pathophysiological phases of type 2 diabetes may be highly promising in directing treatment. Furthermore, biomarkers provide significant diagnostic and prognostic information that cannot be obtained from objective data evaluation or clinical observation. In T2DM patients at higher risk of developing HF or who already have it, this review aims to provide an overview of the knowledge regarding the discriminative capacities of established new biomarkers.