All statistical methods and results.

Dendritic spines, the tiny and actin-rich protrusions emerging from dendrites, are the subcellular locations of excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain that control synaptic activity and plasticity. Dendritic spines contain a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), i.e., the spine apparatus, required for local calcium signaling and that is involved in regulating dendritic spine enlargement and synaptic plasticity. Many autism-linked genes have been shown to play critical roles in synaptic formation and plasticity. Among them, KLHL17 is known to control dendritic spine enlargement during development. As a brain-specific disease-associated gene, KLHL17 is expected to play a critical role in the brain, but it has not yet been well characterized. In this study, we report that KLHL17 expression in mice is strongly regulated by neuronal activity and KLHL17 modulates the synaptic distribution of synaptopodin (SYNPO), a marker of the spine apparatus. Both KLHL17 and SYNPO are F-actin-binding proteins linked to autism. SYNPO is known to maintain the structure of the spine apparatus in mature spines and contributes to synaptic plasticity. Our super-resolution imaging using expansion microscopy demonstrates that SYNPO is indeed embedded into the ER network of dendritic spines and that KLHL17 is closely adjacent to the ER/SYNPO complex. Using mouse genetic models, we further show that Klhl17 haploinsufficiency and knockout result in fewer dendritic spines containing ER clusters and an alteration of calcium events at dendritic spines. Accordingly, activity-dependent dendritic spine enlargement and neuronal activation (reflected by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and C-FOS expression) are impaired. In addition, we show that the effect of disrupting the KLHL17 and SYNPO association is similar to the results of Klhl17 haploinsufficiency and knockout, further strengthening the evidence that KLHL17 and SYNPO act together to regulate synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, our findings unravel a role for KLHL17 in controlling synaptic plasticity via its regulation of SYNPO and synaptic ER clustering and imply that impaired synaptic plasticity contributes to the etiology of KLHL17-related disorders.