Patient characteristics.

Dominant hand: right or left (all patients were tested with the dominant hand and contralateral STN stimulator). Age (years), at time of testing. Disease duration: time (years) from onset of Parkinson’s symptoms to time of testing. UPDRS motor OFF: UPDRS motor section total score in the off-medication, DBS-naive state. Preoperative levodopa equivalent: total daily levodopa equivalent (mg) preoperatively. % Levodopa Reduction: Percent change in daily levodopa equivalent from preoperatively to time of testing. Time since surgery: time of testing in months since electrode implantation. Missing data indicated by “*”.