Temporal activity patterns of predators and prey across broad geographic scales

Predators and prey are locked in an evolutionary arms race that shapes their behaviour and life history. Predators target prey vulnerabilities to maximise hunting success, while prey trade-off foraging against predation avoidance. Though studies have demonstrated how predation risk can alter how prey allocate daily foraging effort, little work has considered the implications of this temporal component of behaviour from a predator’s perspective, or assessed its influence on broad-scale predator-prey interactions. We develop a method to compare daily activity patterns of avian predators and prey using data from two large citizen science datasets collected on different continents. Our analyses reveal evidence for convergent daily hunting strategies across avian predators, with distinct differences according to prey type. By comparing predator data with correspondent data from songbirds, our study suggests that predators (Accipiters) specialised to hunt songbirds match the activity patterns...