Average flight directions of released intact (with antennae) Speckled wood butterflies Pararge aegeria L. and butterflies from which the antennae had been removed immediately after take off.

V-tests to test for the directedness and Watson’s U2-tests for pair-wise comparisons between groups. A P-value lower than 0.05 in the V-test indicates that the mean flight direction is not significantly different from 0°, i.e. the direction towards the target habitat.