Metabolomics of Four Biofluids from Dairy Cows: Potential Biomarkers for Milk Production and Quality

The fundamental understanding of the mechanisms regulating milk protein synthesis is limited. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of milk production affected by forage quality through studying metabolites from four biofluids (rumen fluid, milk, serum, and urine) collected from 16 lactating cows fed alfalfa hay (AH, high-quality, n = 8) and corn stover (CS, low-quality, n = 8) using gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry. The cows fed AH exhibited higher milk yield (P P 1 and P < 0.05) between the AH- and CS-fed animals. These metabolites were involved in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; tyrosine metabolism; and phenylalanine metabolism. Further integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that the AH-fed cows may have more comprehensive amino acid metabolisms, suggesting that these metabolite-associated pathways may serve as biomarkers for higher milk yield and better milk protein quality.