Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005 - Jamaica

Abstract
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The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments.

Survey Objectives
The 2005 Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives:
- To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Jamaica.
- To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established by the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action;
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Jamaica and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content
MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation
The survey was carried out by STATIN with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Geographic coverage
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The survey is nationally representative and covers the whole of Jamaica.

Analysis unit
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Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

De jure household members (defined as members of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, as well as urban and rural areas. Parishes were identified as the main sampling domains and were divided into sampling regions of equal sizes. The sample was selected in two stages. Within each sampling region, two census enumeration areas/Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to size. Using the household listing from the selected PSUs a systematic sample of 6,276 dwellings was drawn.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in the the sampling appendix (appendix A) of the final report.

Sampling deviation
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Five of the selected enumeration areas were not visited because they were inaccessible due to flooding during the fieldwork period. Sample weights were used in the calculation of national level results.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Jamaica MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS3 Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age, relationship, and orphanhood status. The household questionnaire includes support to orphaned and vulnerable children, education, child labour, water and sanitation, and salt iodization, with optional modules for child discipline, child disability and security of tenure and durability of housing. In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or caretaker of the child. The women's questionnaire include women's characteristics, child mortality, tetanus toxoid, maternal and newborn health, marriage, contraception, and HIV/AIDS knowledge, with optional modules for unmet need, domestic violence, and sexual behavior. The children's questionnaire includes children's characteristics, birth registration and early learning, vitamin A, breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria, immunization, and an optional module for child development. All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations
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Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including:
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry
c) Structure checking and completeness
d) Secondary editing
e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines

Response rate
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In the 6,276 dwellings selected for the sample, 5,604 households were found to be occupied (Table HH.1). Of these, 4,767 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 85.1 percent. The reason for this lower response rate is given in the previous section. In the interviewed households, 3,777 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 3,647 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96.6 percent. In addition, 1,444 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Of these, questionnaires were completed for 1,427 which correspond to a response rate of 98.8 percent.

Overall response rates of 82.1 and 84.1 percent were calculated for the women's and under-5's interviews respectively. Note that the response rates for the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA) were lower than in other urban areas and in the rural area. Two factors contributed to this - more dwellings were vacant, often as a result of urban violence, and in the upper income areas access to dwellings was more difficult. In the rural areas, the rains prevented access to some households as some roads were inundated.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the 2005-2006 MICS to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the 2005-2006 MICS is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differe somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling erros are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2005-2006 MICS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the 2005-2006 MICS. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS.

Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors).

Details of the sampling errors are presented in the sampling errors appendix to the report and in the sampling errors table presented in te external resources.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population
Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women
Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed
Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups
Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility
Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables
Presence of mother inthe household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire
School attendance by single year age
Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent
Distribution of women by time since last birth
Scatterplot of weight by height, weight by age and height by age
Graph of male and female population by single years of age
Population pyramid

The results of each of these data quality tables is shown in the appendix of the final report and is also given in the external resources section.

The general rule for presentation of missing data in the final report tabulations is that a column is presented for missing data if the percentage of cases with missing data is 1% or more. Cases with missing data on the background characteristics (e.g. education) are included in the tables, but the missing data rows are suppressed and noted at the bottom of the tables in the report (not in the SPSS output, however).

摘要
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联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）开发的多个指标集群调查（MICS）是一项家庭调查项目，旨在协助各国填补监测人类发展以及特别是儿童和妇女状况的数据空白。MICS能够产生统计上可靠、国际上可比的社会指标估计。当前轮次的MICS致力于为千年发展目标（MDGs）、世界适宜儿童居住的目标（WFFC）以及其他主要国际承诺提供监测工具。

调查目标
2005年牙买加多个指标集群调查的主要目标如下：
- 为评估牙买加儿童和妇女的状况提供最新信息。
- 提供数据，以监测实现千年发展目标、世界适宜儿童居住目标（WFFC）以及其他国际公认目标所设定的目标，作为未来行动的基础；
- 为改进牙买加的数据和监测系统做出贡献，并加强在设计、实施和分析此类系统方面的技术专长。

调查内容
MICS问卷以模块化方式设计，易于根据国家需求进行定制。它们包括家庭问卷、15-49岁妇女问卷和5岁以下儿童问卷（由母亲或监护人填写）。除了核心模块外，各国可以选择在每份问卷中包含哪些模块。

调查实施
该调查由STATIN在联合国儿童基金会和其他合作伙伴的支持和协助下进行。通过一系列区域性研讨会提供技术援助和培训，涵盖问卷内容、抽样和调查实施；数据处理；数据质量和数据分析；报告撰写和传播。

地理覆盖范围
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调查在全国范围内具有代表性，覆盖了整个牙买加。

分析单位
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家庭（定义为通常一起生活和进食的人员群体）

法定家庭成员（定义为通常居住在家庭中的人员，可能包括前一晚未在家庭中过夜，但不是前一晚在家庭中过夜但通常不住在家庭中的访客）

15-49岁妇女

0-4岁儿童

总体
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调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民）、所有居住在家庭中的15-49岁妇女以及所有居住在家庭中的0-4岁儿童（5岁以下）。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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牙买加多个指标集群调查（MICS）的样本设计旨在为国家层面以及城市和农村地区提供大量指标估计，以反映儿童和妇女的状况。教区被确定为主要的抽样领域，并被划分为大小相等的抽样区域。样本分两个阶段进行选择。在每个抽样区域内，根据规模比例选择两个人口普查登记区/一级抽样单位（PSU）。使用所选PSU的家庭名单，抽取了6,276个住宅的系统样本。

抽样程序在最终报告的抽样附录（附录A）中进行了更详细的描述。

抽样偏差
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由于现场工作期间洪水导致无法访问，五个选定的登记区未进行访问。在计算国家层面的结果时使用了样本权重。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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牙买加MICS的问卷是基于MICS3模型问卷进行修改和补充的结构化问卷。在每个家庭中进行了家庭问卷，收集了有关家庭成员的各种信息，包括性别、年龄、关系和孤儿状态。家庭问卷包括对孤儿和脆弱儿童的支援、教育、童工、水和卫生以及食盐碘化，并包含儿童管教、儿童残疾、居住安全和住房耐用性可选模块。除了家庭问卷外，每个家庭还对15-49岁的妇女和5岁以下的儿童进行了问卷。对于儿童，问卷由孩子的母亲或监护人填写。妇女问卷包括妇女特征、儿童死亡率、破伤风类毒素、孕产妇和新生儿健康、婚姻、避孕和HIV/AIDS知识，并包含未满足需求、家庭暴力和性行为可选模块。儿童问卷包括儿童特征、出生登记和早期学习、维生素A、母乳喂养、疾病护理、疟疾、免疫接种以及儿童发展可选模块。所有问卷和模块均作为外部资源提供。

数据清理操作
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数据编辑在处理过程中的多个阶段进行（参见其他处理），包括：
a) 办公室编辑和编码
b) 数据录入期间
c) 结构检查和完整性
d) 二级编辑
e) SPSS数据文件的结构检查

数据编辑的详细文档可以在数据处理指南中找到。

响应率
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在选定的6,276个住宅中，发现5,604个住宅有人居住（表HH.1）。其中，4,767个家庭成功接受了访谈，家庭响应率为85.1%。响应率较低的原因在上一节中给出。在受访的家庭中，确定了3,777名（15-49岁）妇女。其中，3,647人成功接受了访谈，响应率为96.6%。此外，家庭问卷中列出了1,444名5岁以下的儿童。其中，1,427份问卷完成了，对应响应率为98.8%。

妇女和5岁以下儿童的访谈的总体响应率分别为82.1%和84.1%。请注意，金斯顿大都会地区（KMA）的响应率低于其他城市地区和农村地区。两个因素导致了这种情况 - 更多住宅空置，通常是由于城市暴力，以及在上收入地区进入住宅更困难。在农村地区，雨水阻止了进入一些家庭，因为一些道路被洪水淹没。

抽样误差估计
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样本调查的估计受到两种类型的误差的影响：1) 非抽样误差和2) 抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和处理过程中所犯错误的结果。在2005-2006年MICS的实施过程中，做出了许多努力来最大限度地减少此类误差，但是，非抽样误差无法避免且难以进行统计分析。

抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。2005-2006年MICS的受访者样本只是从同一人口中可能选择的许多样本之一，使用相同的设计和预期规模。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与所选实际样本结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间调查结果变异性的指标，尽管变异程度并不完全清楚，但可以从调查结果中进行估计。抽样误差以特定统计量（均值或百分比）的标准误差来衡量，这是方差的平方根。对于每个统计量，都计算了置信区间，其中可以假定人口的真实值位于其中。MICS中呈现的关键统计量的正负两个标准误差用于计算置信区间，相当于95%的置信区间。

如果受访者样本是简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，2005-2006年MICS的样本是多层次分层设计的产物，因此需要使用更复杂的公式。SPSS复杂样本模块已用于计算2005-2006年MICS的抽样误差。该模块使用泰勒线性化方法进行方差估计，用于调查估计的均值或比例。该方法在SPSS文件CSDescriptives.pdf中有记录，该文件位于SPSS帮助、算法选项下。

已为选定的一组统计量（由于泰勒线性化方法的限制，所有这些都是比例）计算了全国样本、城市和农村地区以及五个地区的抽样误差。对于每个统计量，估计值、其标准误差、变异系数（或相对误差 - 标准误差与估计值的比率）、设计效应以及设计效应的平方根（DEFT - 使用给定样本设计和如果使用简单随机样本将产生的标准误差之间的比率），以及95%的置信区间（±2个标准误差）。

抽样误差的详细信息在报告的抽样误差附录和抽样误差表中提供，并在外部资源部分提供。

一系列数据质量表格和图形可用于审查数据质量，包括以下内容：

家庭人口年龄分布
合格妇女和受访妇女的年龄分布
合格儿童和被母亲或监护人访谈的儿童的年龄分布
5岁以下儿童按三个月组别的年龄分布
资格边界处的年龄和时期比率
具有所选变量缺失信息的观察值的百分比
家庭中是否有母亲以及为5岁以下儿童问卷接受访谈的人员
按单一年龄的学校出席率
出生时男性和女性的人口性别比
根据受访者年龄，以前出生、存活和死亡的儿童的性别比
按上次分娩时间划分的妇女分布
体重与身高、体重与年龄以及身高与年龄的散点图
按单一年龄划分的男性和女性人口图
人口金字塔

每个这些数据质量表格的结果都显示在最终报告的附录中，并在外部资源部分提供。

最终报告中缺失数据的呈现规则是，如果缺失数据的案例百分比达到1%或更多，则呈现缺失数据列。具有背景特征（例如教育）缺失数据的案例包含在表格中，但缺失数据行被抑制，并在报告底部（而不是SPSS输出中）注明。

数据评估
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