Table1_Coordinated energy storage and network expansion planning considering the trustworthiness of demand-side response.XLSX

The enhancement of economic sustainability and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are becoming more relevant in power system planning. Thus, renewable energy sources (RESs) have been widely used as clean energy for their lower generation costs and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the strong random uncertainties from both the demand and generation sides make planning an economic, reliable, and ecological power system more complicated. Thus, this paper considers a variety of resources and technologies and presents a coordinated planning model including energy storage systems (ESSs) and grid network expansion, considering the trustworthiness of demand-side response (DR). First, the size of a single ESS was considered as its size has a close effect on maintenance costs and ultimately affects the total operating cost of the system. Second, it evaluates the influence of the trustworthiness of DR. Third, multiple resources and technologies were included in this high-penetration renewable energy integrated power system, such as ESSs, networks, DR technology, and GHG reduction technology. Finally, this model optimizes the decision variables such as the single size and location of ESSs and the operation parameters such as thermal generation costs, loss load costs, renewable energy curtailment costs, and GHG emission costs. Since the problem scale is very large not only due to the presence of various devices but also both binary and continuous variables considered simultaneously, we reformulate this model by decomposition. Then, we transform it into a master problem (MP) and a dual sub-problem (SP). Finally, the proposed method is applied to a modified IEEE 24-bus test system. The results show computational effectiveness and provide a helpful method in planning low-carbon electricity power systems.

随着经济可持续性提升与温室气体（GHG）排放减少在电力系统规划中的重要性日益凸显，可再生能源（RESs）因其较低的发电成本及环保特性而被广泛用作清洁能源。然而，需求侧和供给侧的强烈随机不确定性使得构建经济、可靠且生态的电力系统规划变得更加复杂。鉴于此，本文考虑了多种资源和技术的协调规划模型，包括储能系统（ESSs）和电网扩展，同时考虑了需求响应（DR）的可靠性。首先，将单个ESS的规模作为其维护成本的关键因素进行考量，因为其最终会影响系统的总运营成本。其次，评估了DR可靠性的影响。第三，在高度渗透的可再生能源集成电力系统中，纳入了多种资源和技术，例如ESSs、网络、DR技术和GHG减排技术。最后，该模型优化了决策变量，如单个ESS的规模和位置以及运行参数，如热发电成本、损失负荷成本、可再生能源削减成本和GHG排放成本。由于问题规模庞大，这不仅因为存在各种设备，还因为同时考虑了二元和连续变量，因此我们通过分解对该模型进行重构。然后，将其转化为主问题（MP）和副问题（SP）。最终，所提出的方法被应用于修改后的IEEE 24节点测试系统。结果显示了计算的有效性，并为低碳电力系统的规划提供了一种有益的方法。