GRADE analyses.

Despite substantial evidence supporting the positive effects of the Sport Education Model (SEM) on students’ physical abilities, mental health, and social skills, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the moderating variables that influence its effectiveness. This study investigates the facilitative effects of SEM on students’ physical education learning and examines the Participant and Intervention Characteristics that modulate its impact. Following the PICOS framework, two researchers independently conducted a comprehensive literature search across Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost (CINAHL with Full Text and SPORTDiscus with Full Text) databases. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, and a meta-analysis was performed on the selected studies. A total of 15 studies involving 2,890 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicate that SEM significantly improves students’ physical education learning outcomes (Effect size = 0.590, 95% CI: 0.284–0.897, P