Phylogenetic signal in the 4 datasets for the three different traits.

We use two estimators ( and ) that lead to similar results. Significance code for the p-value of the randomisation test for is ‘’ , ‘’ , ‘’ , and ‘n.s.’ indicates that the signal does not differ from that found on a random tree. The are obtained by taking the median value of over 161 trees (see the Methods). We also show the standard deviation in brackets. ‘—’ indicates that the largest tree could not be computed with the Bayesian method because of the large number of patients. is the sample size of each dataset.