<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> inhibitory effects of the Sanghuang mushroom extracts against <i>Candida albicans</i>

Aim: To explore the antifungal potential of Sanghuang mushroom, a traditional Chinese medicine. Materials & methods: The antifungal properties and the potential mechanism of Sanghuang mushroom extracts against Candida albicans were studied in vitro and in vivo. Results: Sanghuang mushroom extracts inhibited the biofilm formation, increased the cell membrane permeability and promoted cell apoptosis of C. albicans in vitro. In a murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis, Sanghuang mushroom extracts reduced the vaginal fungal load, improved inflammatory cell infiltration and downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Untargeted metabolomic analysis suggested the presence of ten antifungal components in Sanghuang mushroom extracts. Conclusion: Sanghuang mushroom extracts showed promise as antifungal agent against candidiasis, with potential therapeutic implications. Sanghuang mushroom extracts exhibit potent antifungal properties against C. albicans. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the impact of Sanghuang mushroom extracts on biofilm architecture. A murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) confirms the ability of Sanghuang mushroom extracts to suppress C. albicans infiltration. Flow cytometry data illustrate the induction of reactive oxygen species and promotion of apoptosis in C. albicans biofilm cells. Untargeted metabolomic analysis identifies potential bioactive compounds contributing to the antifungal effects. Sanghuang mushroom extracts emerge as promising candidates for the development of novel antifungal therapies.