Candida non-albicans biofilm-derived EVs

Currently, non-albicans Candida species, including C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, are becoming an increasing epidemiological threat, predominantly due to the distinct collection of virulence mechanisms, as well as emerging resistance to the antifungal drugs typically used in the treatment of candidiasis. They can produce biofilms that release extracellular vesicles (EVs) ‒ nanometric spherical structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer, transporting diversified biologically active cargo, that may be involved in intercellular communication, biofilm matrix production, and interaction with host.