Primate Group Size

1.     Motivation

Large primates are affected greatly by anthropogenic activities such as logging and urbanisation, which are destroying the land they live on. The database was created to monitor the patterns of time and the impact on the trait value ‘group size’ of these species.

2.     Search Protocol

Google scholar was used to collect the trait values and relevant information for the database. Search term; ‘species name’ group size in wild. This search phrase brought up papers that included the term group size and bolded the use of it in the papers. This made it easier to sift through google scholar and find the most relevant papers for that species. Once a suitable paper was found it was scanned for any figures of the mean group size. If there were multiple group datapoints then an average was taken.

3.     Metadata

The IUCN status of each primate was added to the database to see the impact it has on the observed group sizes compared to expected sizes. The months monitored were added to see if longer monitored group sizes were more accurate. The number of groups from each study were added to see if the more study groups had a higher impact on group size compared to studies with one to a couple of study groups. Family column was added to look for similarities in each group.

4.     References

Agostini, I. and Visalberghi, E. (2005). Social influences on the acquisition of sex-typical foraging patterns by juveniles in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus). American Journal of Primatology, 65(4), pp.335–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20120

Astaras, C., Mühlenberg, M. and Waltert, M. (2007). Note on drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) ecology and conservation status in Korup National Park, Southwest Cameroon. American Journal of Primatology, 70(3), pp.306–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20489

Bermejo, M. (1999). Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 33(4), pp.323–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.x

Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J  and Wrangham, R.W. (1995). Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36(1), pp.59–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00175729

Chapman, C.A. and Pavelka, M.S.M. (2004). Group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates, 46(1), pp.1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0093-9

Defler, T.R. (1996). Aspects of the ranging pattern in a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha). American Journal of Primatology, 38(4), pp.289–302. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V

DeLuycker, A.M. (2007). Notes on the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) and Its Status in the Protected Forest of Alto Mayo, Northern Peru. Primate Conservation, 22(1), pp.41–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1896/052.022.0102

Dias, P.A.D., Coyohua-Fuentes, A., Canales-Espinosa, D. and Rangel-Negrín, A. (2015). Group Structure and Dynamics in Black Howlers (Alouatta pigra): A 7-year Perspective. International Journal of Primatology, 36(2), pp.311–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9827-3

Galvis, N., Link, A. and Di Fiore, A. (2014). A Novel Use of Camera Traps to Study Demography and Life History in Wild Animals: A Case Study of Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). International Journal of Primatology, 35(5), pp.908–918. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9791-3.

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Gatti, S., Levréro, F., Ménard, N. and Gautier-Hion, A. (2004). Population and group structure of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Lokoué, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 63(3), pp.111–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20045

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Hubrecht, R.C. (1984). Field observations on group size and composition of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), at Tapacura, Brazil. Primates, 25(1), pp.13–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382291

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Kebebew, E. and Balakrishnan, M. (2016). Population Status, Group Size and Threat to Boutourlini’s Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Jibat Forest, West Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. World Journal of Zoology, 11(1), pp.34–44. Available at: https://idosi.org/wjz/wjz11(1)16/7.pdf [Accessed 11/02/2024]

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Mbora, D.N.M., Wieczkowski, J. and Munene, E. (2009). Links between habitat degradation, and social group size, ranging, fecundity, and parasite prevalence in the Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 140(3), pp.562–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21113

McNeilage, A., Robbins, M.M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri G. and Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), pp.419–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001311

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Pride, R.E. (2005). Optimal group size and seasonal stress in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Behavioral Ecology, 16(3), pp.550–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari025

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Yamagiwa, J. (1983). Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland gorilla groups (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in the Mt. Kahuzi Region, Zaïre. Primates, 24(2), pp.174–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381080

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