States as Financiers: International Lending in War and Peace
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States are major international financiers, but their role is poorly understood. We study state-driven cross-border lending over two centuries using a new database covering 1.2 million official loans and grants by 134 governments and 70 multilateral institutions since 1790. We document a dual, state
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美国国家经济研究局创建时间：
2026-05-01
