Effect of irrigation with tequila vinasses on soil physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and bacterial communities: a case study in Jalisco soils cultivated with Agave tequilana Weber

Tequila vinasse (TV), a by-product of the tequila industry, is rich in organic matter and nutrients, making it a potential alternative to conventional fertilizers. However, its long-term effects on soil fertility and microbial communities are not well documented. In this study, we evaluated the impact of one year of irrigation with raw and neutralized TV on the physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of agave-cultivated soils.