Microbial diversity associated with psyllids

Obligate bacterial primary endosymbionts that are maternally inherited and codiverge with hosts are widespread across insect lineages with nutritionally restricted diets. Secondary endosymbionts are mostly facultative but in some hosts they complement primary endosymbiont function and therefore become obligate. Phylogenetic evidence exists for host switching and replacement of S-endosymbionts in hosts. We performed bacterial 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing of 25 psyllid species (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) across different developmental stages, ecological niches and locations to examine the dynamics involved in shaping these bacterial communities.