Endocasts of some sauropod taxa discussed in the text, displayed on a cladogram.

From left: Camarasaurus lentus (CM 11338), indeterminate titanosaurian from Uzbekistan (CCMGE 628/12457), Ampelosaurus sp. from Spain (MCCM-HUE-8741, right side mirrored), indeterminate titanosaurian from Spain (MCCM-HUE-1667), and Jainosaurus septentrionalis (composite). In left lateral view. Dorsal is to the top. All but E digital endocasts; Jainosaurus septentrionalis is a montage of a photograph of the physical endocast (incomplete rostrally) made from the lectotypic braincase (GSI K27/497 ([28]: fig. 7A), right side mirrored and colorized) combined with the digital reconstruction of the endosseous labyrinth from a different specimen referred to the same species (ISI R162). CCMGE 628/12457 ([10]: fig. 3A, B) is depicted in a more basal phylogenetic position than either Ampelosaurus sp., MCCM-HUE-1667 or Jainosaurus septentrionalis based on its well-developed “middle cerebral vein” system. Scale bar equals 5 cm.