An ecological network approach to assessing the site suitability of photovoltaic power stations

The deployment of photovoltaic power stations in alpine grassland areas of
the Tibetan Plateau contributes to the clean energy development and
economic growth. Nevertheless, current evaluation frameworks commonly
overlook the ecological impacts associated with photovoltaic power
stations. To achieve genuinely sustainable development, it is imperative
to incorporate ecological factors into the site-selection and planning
processes of photovoltaic power stations. In this study, we conducted a
comprehensive assessment of the ecological impacts of photovoltaic power
stations through the application of an ecological network approach,
considering different grassland types and various operational phases.
Additionally, we developed an integrated framework that incorporates
ecological impact assessments to explore the site location suitability of
photovoltaic power stations in the alpine grasslands of the Tibetan
Plateau. Our findings indicated that the ecological effects of
photovoltaic arrays varied significantly across different grassland types
and time of operation. Photovoltaic arrays enhance ecosystem complexity in
alpine desert steppe ecosystems. Conversely, they have negative impacts on
alpine steppe and alpine meadow ecosystems. The adverse effects are most
pronounced during the early years of operation (≤ 4 years). Moreover, we
developed a spatial distribution map for evaluating the site location
suitability of photovoltaic power stations, which integrates ecological
factors. The analysis determined 201,519 km2 of optimal areas for
photovoltaic power stations construction, primarily situated in the alpine
desert steppe. Notably, when ecological impact factors were omitted from
the analysis, there was a respective proportional increase by 155.3% and
193.0% in the areas classified as very suitable and extremely suitable,
respectively. This study offers critical insights that can guide the
sustainable development of photovoltaic power stations across alpine
grassland ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau. Site-selection policies
should mandate ecological assessments referencing developed composite
ecological maps for photovoltaic project approvals. Additionally, an
ecological certification system should be established to ensure
sustainable development. Further research efforts will focus on expanding
the evaluation indicators to characterize hydrological progress and the
social dimension, specifically considering the local community's
support for photovoltaic construction. Ultimately, a more objective and
comprehensive assessment of the suitability of photovoltaic power station
locations can be ensured.