Spermidine ameliorates heat stress-induced testicular dysfunction in mice

While the detrimental impact of heat stress on male fertility is well-documented, the development of targeted therapeutic interventions remains a critical unmet need. Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine found in both plants and animals, possesses diverse biological activities, including potential antioxidant and autophagy-modulating properties. This study aimed to investigate whether spermidine alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of spermatogenesis via its antioxidant effects and/or regulation of autophagy. The accompanying tables present results from semen analyses—including sperm count, motility, and morphology—as well as assessments of testicular spermatogenic function, such as testis-to-body weight ratio and seminiferous tubule integrity.