The integrated application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with biochar or sepiolite drives cadmium (Cd) resistance mechanisms.

The combined application of AMF with biochar or sepiolite markedly improved the tolerance of the rhizosphere microbiome to Cd-induced stress. These findings provide a promising strategy for precisely regulating Cd-resistant rhizosphere microbiomes, enhancing the safety and efficiency of crop production.