Санкции как внешнеполитический инструмент

The article considers sanctions as one of the key tools of foreign policy of modern states. Sanctions policy has become an important alternative to military methods of pressure, allowing states to promote their political and strategic interests without the use of armed force. The paper analyzes the types of sanctions, their political goals, implementation mechanisms and impact on international relations. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of sanctions, their consequences for the initiator countries and target states, as well as the peculiarities of their application in the 21st century. Based on the analysis of foreign theoretical works and current data, the role of Kazakhstan in the context of growing sanctions pressure between states and increasing geopolitical tension in the Eurasian region is studied. It has been shown that sanctions have both a direct and indirect impact on the economy, security and foreign policy of countries in the zone of influence of major international conflicts. The results obtained demonstrate that sanctions are not only an instrument of pressure, but also a factor that stimulates economic adaptation and reform of state institutions. Keywords: sanctions, foreign policy, international relations, pressure, international law, security, Kazakhstan, geopolitics.