Supporting data for "<i>Voluntary forgetting of negative social feedback</i>"
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This dataset contains data of 4 studies reported in the Ph.D. thesis (Candidate: XIE Hui; Supervisor: Dr. HU Xiaoqing) entitled "<i>Voluntary Forgetting of Negative Social Feedback" </i>from Department of Psychology<i>.</i><i> </i>In this thesis, we combined behavioral experiments with EEG and TMS techniques to examine the voluntary forgetting of undesired social feedback during both memory encoding (Study 1 and Study2) and retrieval (Study 3 and Study 4) stages. Study 1 (Chapter 2) examined whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and distraction) during the encoding of social feedback diminishes its subsequent recall. The results revealed that both strategies reduced negative emotional reactivity while facilitating the forgetting of negative social feedback. Additionally, individual differences in depressive symptoms impacted cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during emotion regulation. Moreover, the amplitude of the central-parietal late positive potential during distraction negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, indicating that individuals with higher depressive symptoms may benefit more from distraction than reappraisal to regulate emotions from negative social feedback.Study 2 (Chapter 3) utilized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate whether stimulating the critical brain region involved in the voluntary forgetting of non-social memories could enhance the voluntary forgetting of social memories. Two groups of participants were assigned to perform a directed forgetting task with either social or non-social materials. The results indicated that high-frequency rTMS applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) improved participants’ ability to forget negative non-social memories, but this effect was not observed for negative social feedback. Interestingly, participants’ level of social anxiety predicted their difficulties in forgetting negative social feedback, but this correlation disappeared after improving their rDLPFC activation through rTMS. Study 3 (Chapter 4) employed a modified version of the Think/No-Think paradigm to investigate whether retrieval suppression could induce the forgetting of positive and negative social feedback. The results demonstrated that retrieval suppression led to below-baseline forgetting for negative social feedback but not for positive social feedback. Furthermore, the results from event-related potential (ERP) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) demonstrated that forgetting positive social feedback was more challenging and required greater cognitive effort than forgetting negative social feedback.Building on Study 3, Study 4 (Chapter 5) explored whether reappraisal of negative social feedback after initial encoding could facilitate subsequent retrieval suppression and voluntary forgetting. Behaviourally, using reappraisal to distance oneself from negative social feedback promoted its voluntary forgetting. The ERP and MVPA findings suggested that reappraisal triggered increased engagement of inhibitory control processes during retrieval suppression, thus enhancing the effectiveness of memory control and ultimately facilitating the voluntary forgetting of negative social feedback.This thesis presents novel evidence supporting the voluntary forgetting of unwanted social feedback through diverse strategies and approaches during memory encoding and retrieval stages. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of memory control in social contexts and hold practical implications for safeguarding mental well-being, particularly for individuals experiencing mental distress due to difficulties in spontaneously forgetting self-threatening information. <br><br><br>
本数据集收录4项研究的数据，相关研究来自心理学系的博士学位论文《负性社会反馈的主动遗忘》（Voluntary Forgetting of Negative Social Feedback），论文候选人：谢辉，指导教师：胡晓晴博士。在该论文中，研究者结合行为实验与脑电图（electroencephalogram, EEG）、经颅磁刺激（transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS）技术，探究了记忆编码阶段（研究1与研究2）及记忆提取阶段（研究3与研究4）中，个体对非期望性社会反馈的主动遗忘效应。 研究1（第二章）考察了在社会反馈编码阶段采用情绪调节策略——认知重评（cognitive reappraisal）与注意分散（distraction）——是否会削弱后续对该社会反馈的记忆提取效果。结果显示，两种调节策略均能降低负性情绪反应，同时促进个体对负性社会反馈的遗忘。此外，抑郁症状的个体差异会影响情绪调节过程中的皮层脑电图模式。进一步分析发现，注意分散任务中中央顶区晚正电位的振幅与参与者的抑郁水平呈负相关，这表明抑郁症状更严重的个体，在调节负性社会反馈引发的情绪时，相比认知重评，可能从注意分散策略中获益更多。 研究2（第三章）采用重复经颅磁刺激（repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rTMS），探究激活非社会性记忆主动遗忘的关键脑区，是否能够增强社会性记忆的主动遗忘效果。实验将参与者分为两组，分别完成包含社会类或非社会类材料的定向遗忘任务（directed forgetting task）。结果表明，对右侧背外侧前额叶皮层（right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rDLPFC）施加高频重复经颅磁刺激，能够提升个体遗忘负性非社会性记忆的能力，但该效应并未在负性社会反馈的遗忘中观测到。有趣的是，参与者的社交焦虑水平能够预测其遗忘负性社会反馈的困难程度，但通过重复经颅磁刺激增强右侧背外侧前额叶皮层激活后，该相关性消失。 研究3（第四章）采用改良版的思维/不思维范式（Think/No-Think paradigm），探究提取抑制是否能够诱导个体对正性与负性社会反馈产生遗忘。结果显示，提取抑制仅会导致负性社会反馈出现低于基线水平的遗忘，对正性社会反馈则无此效应。此外，事件相关电位（event-related potential, ERP）与多变量模式分析（multivariate pattern analysis, MVPA）的结果表明，遗忘正性社会反馈比遗忘负性社会反馈难度更高，且需要付出更多的认知努力。 在研究3的基础上，研究4（第五章）探究了初始编码后对负性社会反馈进行认知重评，是否能够促进后续的提取抑制与主动遗忘。行为层面的结果显示，通过认知重评使个体与负性社会反馈产生心理距离，能够推动其对该类反馈的主动遗忘。事件相关电位与多变量模式分析的结果表明，认知重评会在提取抑制过程中增强抑制控制过程的参与程度，进而提升记忆控制的有效性，最终促进个体对负性社会反馈的主动遗忘。 本论文通过多种策略与方法，在记忆编码与提取阶段为非期望性社会反馈的主动遗忘提供了全新的实验证据。这些发现深化了我们对社会情境下记忆控制机制的理论认知，同时在维护心理健康层面具有实际应用价值，尤其对于那些因难以自发遗忘威胁性自我相关信息而遭受心理困扰的个体而言意义显著。
