An immunomodulatory effect of combined melatonin and gemcitabine treatment on gut microbiome-host proteome interactions in cholangiocarcinoma animal models

Background: Advanced-stage cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) leads to poor treatment outcomes and reduced patient survival, highlighting the need for alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the alteration in gut microbiota, host proteomics, and immune response after CCA treatment with a combination of melatonin and gemcitabine in animal.