Factors associated with non-specific low back pain in field hockey: a cross-sectional study of Premier and Division One players

Objectives
To determine the extent to which various factors are associated with greater or lesser odds of reporting non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) in field hockey.

Methods
To meet the objective of the study, a cross-sectional study design was used with a purposive sampling strategy. A total of 194 responses (~18% of those accessible) from field hockey players across competing in the Premier and Division One within the UK completed an UK-based online survey. Data collected included information on NS-LBP and participant characteristics, injury history, training related factors, and work and personal factors. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used in conjunction with clinical value to identify associations.

Results
A total of ten individual factors associated with a greater odds ratio (OR) of reporting NS-LBP (OR = 1.43-7.39) in field hockey players competing in the Premier and Division one categories were identified. Five individual factors were associated with reduced odds (OR = 0.11-0.60) of reporting NS-LBP. Seven factors (age, stature, playing position, playing internationally, performing a drag flick, low back stiffness/tightness and occupational factors) were deemed particularly pertinent to those working in field hockey given the magnitude of association and clinical value to clinicians.

Conclusions
Clinicians working in field hockey can consider the key risk factors identified in this study that are associated with NS-LBP when assessing injury risk, movement screening approaches, and overall athlete management.