Continental patterns of phenotypic variation along replicated urban gradients: A mega-analysis

Individual variation among and within natural populations can have eco-evolutionary implications by, for example, affecting species interactions or evolutionary potential. Urban systems present a unique opportunity to evaluate how environmental change shapes variation since urban phenotypic differentiation is widely documented on contemporary timescales. We introduce and test three hypotheses to determine how urbanization affects phenotypic variation at different population levels. Combining 21 long-term datasets in a mega-analysis approach, we synthesize how urbanization impacts variation in tarsus length and lay date among and within subpopulations of great and blue tits (Parus major, Cyanistes caeruleus) at a continental scale. Our synthesis reveals that urbanization is associated with increased phenotypic variation within subpopulations by 11% on average, and by as much as 25% across the species and traits examined. We also find some evidence (for tarsus length in great tits) that u..., Dataset resulting from trans-European collaboration includes combined long-term data from multiple populations of great tits and blue tits along urbanization gradients across Europe. , , # Continental patterns of phenotypic variation along replicated urban gradients: A mega-analysis

By Thompson, M.J., Martin, J.G.A, Biard, C., Bleu, J., Branston, C. J., Capilla-Lasheras, P., Dingemanse, N.J., Dominoni, D.M., Eens, M., Eeva, T., Evans, K.L., Isaksson, C., Liker, A., Massemin, S., Matthysen, E., Mouchet, A., Perret, S., Senar, J.C., Seress, G., Szulkin, M., Vincze, E., Watson, H., Réale, D., Charmantier, A.

## Description of the data and file structure

Raw data to generate the formatted data below used for statistical models can be accessed through SPI-Birds ([https://spibirds.org](https://spibirds.org)) or by contacting data owners directly. Data processing steps for each dataset are described below.

Data list
1.\"ThompsonEA_UrbanVp_AdultTarsus.csv\" / \"ThompsonEA_UrbanVp_AdultTarsus_RanObs.csv\"
2.\"ThompsonEA_UrbanVp_NstTarsus.csv\"
3.\"ThompsonEA_UrbanVp_layDate.csv\"

1.\"ThompsonEA_UrbanVp_AdultTarsus.csv\": Dataset on individual-level tarsus length of Adult great tits a...,