The effects of intravesical BCG on urinary microbiota in bladder cancer patients

Urinary bladder cancer is among the most common malignancy worldwide. Despite surgical interventions and regular surveillance, recurrence and progression to advanced disease were observed in patients. Intravesical administration of BCG could reduce bladder cancer recurrence and progression in high-risk patients, nonetheless, not all patients response well towards BCG treatment. In addition, studies demonstrated that urinary bacteria profile was altered after BCG administration.