<strong>Bacterial community analysis identifies </strong><em><strong>Klebsiella pneumoniae</strong></em><strong> as a native symbiotic bacterium in the newborn </strong><em><strong>Protobothrops mucrosquamatus</strong></em>

<strong>Background</strong>: The study of the native microbiome of organisms is crucial. The connection between the native microbiome and the host affects the formation of the innate immune system and the organism’s growth. However, the native microbiome of newborn venomous snakes has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine the oral and skin microbiomes of newborn <em>Protobothrops mucrosquamatus.</em> <strong>Results: </strong>We performed 16S full-length sequencing on 14 samples collected from 7 newborn <em>P. mucrosquamatus</em> individuals, specifically targeting their oral and skin microbiomes. In terms of the oral and skin microbiome, the main species were <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae </em>lineages. According to subspecies/species analysis, the proportion from highest to lowest was <em>K. quasipneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>similipneumoniae</em>, <em>K. pneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>pneumoniae</em>, and <em>K. pneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>rhinoscleromatis</em>. These three bacteria accounted for 62.5% and 85% of the skin and oral activity, respectively. The oral microbiome of newborn<em> P. mucrosquamatus</em> did not comprise common bacteria found in snakebite wounds or oral cultures in adult snakes. Therefore, the source of other microbiomes in the oral cavities of adult snakes may be the environment or prey. Functional Annotation of the Prokaryotic Taxa analysis showed that the skin/oral native microbiome metabolism was related to fermentation and human infection owing to the dominance of <em>K. pneumoniae</em> lineages. The characteristics of <em>K. pneumoniae </em>may impact the development of venom in venomous snakes. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the native microbiome in the oral cavity and skin of newborn <em>P. mucrosquamatus</em> demonstrated that the habitat environment and prey capture may affect the composition of bacteria in adult snakes. We hypothesized that the native microbiome influences newborn venomous snakes and that <em>K. pneumoniae</em> lineages related to citrate fermentation may play a role in venom growth. However, further verification of this is required.<strong>背景</strong>：对生物固有微生物组（native microbiome）的研究具有重要学术价值。固有微生物组与宿主的关联会影响宿主先天免疫系统的形成以及机体生长发育。但目前尚无新生有毒蛇类固有微生物组的相关研究报道。因此，本研究旨在探究新生原矛头蝮（<em>Protobothrops mucrosquamatus</em>）的口腔与皮肤微生物组组成。<strong>结果</strong>：本研究采集7只新生原矛头蝮的口腔及皮肤样本共14份，针对其口腔与皮肤微生物组开展16S全长测序。分析显示，口腔与皮肤微生物组的优势类群均为肺炎克雷伯菌（<em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>）。通过亚种/物种水平解析，其丰度由高到低依次为类肺炎克雷伯菌相似亚种（<em>K. quasipneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>similipneumoniae</em>）、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种（<em>K. pneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>pneumoniae</em>）以及肺炎克雷伯菌鼻硬结亚种（<em>K. pneumoniae</em> subsp. <em>rhinoscleromatis</em>）。这三类细菌分别占皮肤微生物组相对丰度的62.5%与口腔微生物组相对丰度的85%。新生原矛头蝮的口腔微生物组中未包含成年蛇咬伤伤口或成年蛇口腔培养菌群中常见的细菌类群，提示成年蛇口腔内其他微生物群的来源可能为环境或猎物。原核生物分类群功能注释分析表明，由于肺炎克雷伯菌类群占据主导地位，其皮肤与口腔固有微生物组的代谢功能与发酵过程及人类感染相关。肺炎克雷伯菌类群的特征可能会影响有毒蛇类毒液的发育。<strong>结论</strong>：新生原矛头蝮口腔与皮肤固有微生物组的研究结果表明，栖息环境与猎物获取可能会影响成年蛇体内细菌群落的组成。本研究提出假说：固有微生物组会对新生有毒蛇类产生影响，与柠檬酸发酵相关的肺炎克雷伯菌类群可能在毒液生成过程中发挥作用，但该假说仍需进一步验证。