Docking analysis insights quercetin can be a non-antibiotic adjuvant by inhibiting Mmr drug efflux pump in <i>Mycobacterium</i> sp. and its homologue EmrE in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Drug efflux pumps (EP) like Mmr in <i>Mycobacterium</i> transported drugs out of cell, a main reason for drug resistance developing in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. In this <i>in silico</i> study, mainly analysed EP inhibitory potential of a plant-derived flavonoid, quercetin, through docking analysis. Mmr present in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> and <i>M. tuberculosis,</i> and its homologue EmrE of <i>Escherichia coli</i> was used<i>.</i> Initially, homology modelling of EP monomers and dimers constructed from <i>M. smegmatis</i>, <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and <i>E. coli</i>; the stabilities of models were analysed from Ramachandran plots prepared in PROCHECK. Docking analysis of quercetin with EP protein showed that in all three organisms, the residues for function and stability are important and quercetin had best interactions comparing to compounds such as, verapamil, reserpine, chlorpromazine, Carbonyl Cyanide m- Chloro Phenylhydrazone. Molecular dynamics and simulation studies showed that during the entire course of simulation quercetin-Mmr complex were stable. It insights quercetin can act as a non-antibiotic adjuvant for treatment of tuberculosis by bring down the efflux of drug from bacteria.