Expression of MSX1 in the neural plate border

Stimulation of WNT signaling in human embryonic stem cells induces the expression of MSX1 via beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and results in the differentiation of multipotent neural border-like cells and neural crest-like cells (Leung et al. 2016). Stimulation of BMP signaling, in the presence of WNT and FGF activity, induces the expression of MSX1 during neural crest differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells (Mimura et al. 2016). The TFAP2A:TFAP2C heterodimer also participates in enhancing expression of MSX1 (inferred from chicken homologs in Rothstein and Simoes-Costa 2020). Similar regulation of Msx1 is observed in Xenopus where Tfap2a activates Msx1 in the neural border (de Croze et al. 2011). BMP4 (inferred from Xenopus and zebrafish in Suzuki et al. 1997, Tribulo et al. 2003) and Gbx2 (inferred from Xenopus in Li et al. 2009) induce Msx1, which is able to induce early neural crest genes (Tribulo et al. 2003). In mice, Msx1 together with Msx2 regulates development of structures derived from the cranial and cardiac neural crest (Ishii et al. 2005)

在人类胚胎干细胞中，WNT信号通路的激活通过β-连环蛋白（CTNNB1）诱导MSX1的表达，进而导致多能性神经边界样细胞和神经嵴样细胞的分化（Leung等，2016年）。在WNT和FGF活性的存在下，BMP信号通路的激活会促使人类多能干细胞在神经嵴分化过程中表达MSX1（Mimura等，2016年）。TFAP2A:TFAP2C异源二聚体亦参与增强MSX1的表达（据Rothstein和Simoes-Costa，2020年对鸡同源物的推断）。在非洲爪蟾中，类似的Msx1调控机制亦被观察到，其中Tfap2a激活神经边界中的Msx1（de Croze等，2011年）。BMP4（据Suzuki等，1997年、Tribulo等，2003年的非洲爪蟾和斑马鱼研究推断）以及Gbx2（据Li等，2009年的非洲爪蟾研究推断）可诱导Msx1，而Msx1能够诱导早期神经嵴基因的表达（Tribulo等，2003年）。在老鼠中，Msx1与Msx2共同调控来自颅部和心脏神经嵴的结构发育（Ishii等，2005年）。